2020年山东自考语言与文化考试重点三

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3. Words and associative meaning

3.1 Words and connotative meaning

book: C: contain knowledge and wisdom for people, youth must learn

E: it express ideas for people to consider, to agree or disagree, and to comment

Sexy: C: connotes loose sex morality

E: it is a positive human quality

Old, young: C: young means inexperienced, and inconsistent. Old means mature, skilled and experienced.

E: young means flexible, vigorous, and creative. Old means traditional, senile, and useless.

Dog: C: is very pejorative.

E: it can even be considered as a family member.

Peasant: C: doesn’t have derogatory connotations.

E: it has derogatory

Landlord, capitalist, boss:  C: are pejorative in Chinese

E: not

Comrade: C: connotes warmth, friendliness and equality

E: means spies of the Soviet Union

Ambitious, aggressive: C: it is pejorative

E: it is considered good qualities and both positive in meaning.

Self-made man: C:

E: it is positive term. Connoting lack of financial foundation and influential connections.

Individualism: C: it is means selfishness

E: it is positive term

Propaganda:  C: it is a neutral term.

E: it is a pejorative term in English

Do-gooder:  C: it is means unselfish and helpful

E: it is a pejorative term in English

Spiritual:C: it hasn’t this means in Chinese.

E: it has religious connotation.

3.2 Words and social meaning

British English: spoken in the U.K, Australia, New Zealand, West Indian Isles

American English: spoken in the North America.

BrE

AmE

Chinese

Brooch

Breastpin

胸针

Mackintosh

Raincoat

雨衣

Sweet

Candy

糖果

Flat

Apartment

公寓

Pail

Bucket

水桶

Cellar

Basement

地下室

Tap

Faucet

水龙头

Timetable

Schedule

时间表

Booking office

Ticket office

售票处

Autumn

Fall

秋天

torch

flashlight

手电筒

 

BrE

AmE

Chinese

Scone

biscuit

软饼

Biscuit

Cracker

饼干

Cracker

Firecracker

爆竹

Corn

Grain

谷物

Maize

Corn

玉米

Jumper

Sweater

毛线衣

Blouse

Jumper

短套衫

Vest

Undershirt

汗衫

Waistcoat

Vest

背心

Purse

Change purse

钱包

Handbag

Purse

手提包

Truck

Flatcar

铁路平板车

Lorry

Truck

卡车

Shop

Store

商店

store

Warehouse

货栈

 

From English

From French

Meaning in Chinese

Answer

reply

回答

Rest

Repose

休息

Room

Chamber

房间

Bear

Endure

忍受

Woods

Forest

树林

Gift

Present

礼物

Love

Affection

爱情

House

Mansion

房子

King

Sovereign

国王

Wish

Desire

愿望

make

Create

创造

There are also many triples of synonyms in Englsih.

From English

From French

From Latin

Meaning in Chinese

Weak

feeble

Fragile

软弱

Size

Caliber

Magnitude

大小

Empty

Devoid

Vacuous

空的

End

Finish

Complete

结束

Rise

Mount

Ascend

上升

Ask

Question

Interrogate

Belly

Stomach

Abdomen

胃、腹

Fire

Flame

Conflagration

Time

Age

Epoch

时代

Die

Pass

Decease

count

Calculate

compute

English has been closely related to Latin as well. They borrowed dozens of words from Latin words entered English. Of course, sets of synonyms in English are not limited to the pairs and triples discussed above.

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